Izithuthi zombane ezineendlela zokutshaja eziya kwicala elinye zingasetyenziselwa ukunika amandla emakhaya, zibuyisele amandla kwigridi, kwaye zikwabonelela ngamandla okuxhasa ngexesha lokucima kombane okanye xa kukho iingxaki. Izithuthi zombane ngokuyintloko ziibhetri ezinkulu ezinamavili, ngoko ke iitshaja eziya kwicala elinye zivumela izithuthi ukuba zigcine umbane ongabizi kakhulu ngaphandle kokukhawuleza, nto leyo enciphisa iindleko zombane zasekhaya. Le teknoloji intsha, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-vehicle-to-grid (V2G), inamandla okuguqula indlela esebenza ngayo igridi yethu yombane, kunye namashumi amawaka ezithuthi zombane ezinokubonelela ngombane ngaxeshanye ngexesha lemfuno ephezulu.
Ingaba isebenza kanjani?
Itshaja yecala elihamba ngamacala mabini yitshaja yesithuthi sombane esiphucukileyo (i-EV) ekwaziyo ukutshaja kumacala omabini. Oku kunokuvakala kulula, kodwa kubandakanya inkqubo yokuguqula amandla enzima ukusuka kumbane otshintshanayo (i-AC) ukuya kumbane othe ngqo (i-DC), ngokungafaniyo netshaja ye-EV eqhelekileyo esebenzisa i-AC.
Ngokungafaniyo neetshaja ze-EV eziqhelekileyo, iitshaja ze-bidirectional zisebenza njengee-inverters, ziguqula i-AC ibe yi-DC ngexesha lokutshaja kwaye ngokuchaseneyo ngexesha lokukhupha itshaja. Nangona kunjalo, iitshaja ze-bidirectional zingasetyenziswa kuphela kwizithuthi ezihambelana nokutshaja kwe-bidirectional DC. Ngelishwa, inani lee-EV okwangoku ezikwaziyo ukutshaja ezimbini lincinci kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuba iitshaja ze-bidirectional ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, zibiza kakhulu kuneetshaja ze-EV eziqhelekileyo, njengoko zisebenzisa izixhobo ze-elektroniki zokuguqula amandla eziphambili ukulawula ukuhamba kwamandla kwesithuthi.
Ukunika amandla amakhaya, iitshaja ze-EV ezibhekisa kwicala elinye zikwadibanisa izixhobo zokulawula imithwalo kunye nokwahlula indlu kwigridi ngexesha lokucima kombane, into eyaziwa ngokuba yi-islanding. Umgaqo osisiseko wokusebenza kwetshaja ye-EV ebhekisa kwicala elinye ufana kakhulu nowe-inverter ebhekisa kwicala elinye, esebenza njengomthombo wamandla oxhasayo kwiinkqubo zokugcina iibhetri zasekhaya.
Yintoni injongo yokutshaja ngamacandelo amabini?
Iitshaja ezineendlela ezimbini zingasetyenziselwa usetyenziso oluhlukeneyo. Eyokuqala neyona ibalulekileyo yiVehicle-to-grid, okanye i-V2G, eyenzelwe ukuhambisa okanye ukukhupha amandla kwigrid xa imfuno iphezulu. Ukuba amawaka ezithuthi ezinezixhobo ze-V2G zixhunyiwe kwaye ziyasebenza, oku kunokubangela utshintsho olukhulu kwindlela umbane ogcinwa kwaye wenziwa ngayo. Izithuthi zombane zineebhetri ezinkulu nezinamandla, ngoko ke amandla apheleleyo amawaka ezithuthi ezinezixhobo ze-V2G anokuba makhulu kakhulu. Qaphela ukuba i-V2X ligama elisetyenziselwa ukuchaza uyilo oluthathu oluxutyushwa ngezantsi:
I. Isithuthi-ukuya-kwigridi okanye i-V2G – amandla e-EV ukuxhasa igridi.
II. Isithuthi ukuya ekhaya okanye i-V2H – amandla e-EV asetyenziselwa ukunika amandla amakhaya okanye amashishini.
III. Isithuthi-esiya kulayisha okanye i-V2L – ii-EV zingasetyenziselwa ukunika amandla izixhobo okanye ukutshaja ezinye izithuthi zombane.
Ukusetyenziswa kwesibini kwetshaja ye-EV eneendlela ezimbini kukusebenzisa iVehicle-to-home, okanye i-V2H. Njengoko igama lisitsho, i-V2H ivumela izithuthi zombane ukuba zisetyenziswe njengenkqubo yebhetri yasekhaya ukugcina amandla elanga agqithisileyo kunye nokunika amandla ikhaya lakho. Umzekelo, inkqubo yebhetri yasekhaya eqhelekileyo, efana neTesla Powerwall, inomthamo we-13.5 kWh. Xa kuthelekiswa, imoto yombane eqhelekileyo inomthamo we-65 kWh, phantse ilingana nee-Tesla Powerwalls ezintlanu. Ngenxa yomthamo wayo omkhulu webhetri, xa idityaniswe namandla elanga ophahla, imoto yombane etshajiweyo ngokupheleleyo inokunika amandla ikhaya eliqhelekileyo kangangeentsuku ezininzi okanye ngaphezulu.
1. Isithuthi-ukuya-kwigridi- V2G
I-Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) ibhekisa kumkhwa wokondla inxalenye encinci yamandla agciniweyo avela kwibhetri yesithuthi sombane ukuya kwigridi xa ifuneka. Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiprojekthi ye-V2G kufuna itshaja ye-DC ejikelezayo kunye nesithuthi sombane esihambelanayo. Kukho izibonelelo, ezinje ngeekhredithi okanye amaxabiso ombane ancitshisiweyo kubanini be-EV. Ii-EV ezixhotyiswe nge-V2G zikwavumela abanini ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwiinkqubo ze-VPP (Vehicle Power Supply) ukuphucula uzinzo lwegridi kunye nokubonelela ngamandla ngexesha lemfuno ephezulu.
Nangona kukho ingxolo eninzi, enye yeengxaki zokuqalisa ubuchwepheshe be-V2G yimiqobo yokulawula kunye nokungabikho kweenkqubo zokutshaja ezihambelanayo kunye nezihlanganisi. Iitshaja ezihambelanayo, ezifana nee-solar inverters, zithathwa njengendlela eyahlukileyo yokwenza umbane kwaye kufuneka zithobele yonke imigangatho yokhuseleko kunye nokucima kombane xa kukho ukusilela kwegridi. Ukuze boyise ezi ngxaki, abanye abenzi beemoto, abafana neFord, baye baphuhlisa iinkqubo zokutshaja ezihambelanayo ze-AC ezilula ezisebenza kuphela nee-Ford EVs ukunikezela umbane kumakhaya, endaweni yokubonelela umbane kwigridi.
2. Isithuthi esiya ekhaya- V2H
Isithuthi-ekhaya (V2H) sifana neV2G, kodwa amandla asetyenziswa apha ekhaya ukunika amandla endaweni yokuba afakwe kwigridi. Oku kuvumela izithuthi zombane ukuba zisebenze njengenkqubo yebhetri yasekhaya eqhelekileyo, nto leyo enceda ukuphucula ukuzimela, ingakumbi xa zidityaniswe namandla elanga ophahla. Nangona kunjalo, eyona nzuzo icacileyo yeV2H kukukwazi kwayo ukubonelela ngombane oxhasayo ngexesha lokucima kombane.
Ukuze i-V2H isebenze kakuhle, kufuneka i-inverter ehambelanayo ye-bidirectional kunye nezinye izixhobo, kuquka imitha yamandla (ene-transformer yangoku) efakwe kwindawo yoqhagamshelo lwe-mains. I-transformer yangoku ijonga ukuhamba kwamandla angena naphumayo kwi-grid. Xa inkqubo ibona ukuba ikhaya lakho lisebenzisa amandla e-grid, inika umqondiso kwitshaja ye-EV ye-bidirectional ukuba ikhuphe umbane olinganayo ukuze ivale nawuphi na umbane otsalwa kwi-grid. Ngokufanayo, xa inkqubo ibona umbane ophuma kwi-solar photovoltaic array yephahla, iyayijika ukuze itshaje i-EV, njengetshaja ye-EV ekrelekrele.
Ukuze kusebenze umbane wokuxhasa ngexesha lokucima kombane okanye xa kukho iimeko ezingxamisekileyo, inkqubo ye-V2H kufuneka ibone ukwehla kombane kwigridi kwaye ihlukanise ikhaya kwigridi. Nje ukuba ibekwe kwi-isleised, i-inverter ejikelezayo isebenza njenge-inverter engaphandle kwegridi, eqhutywa yibhetri ye-EV. Izixhobo ezongezelelweyo zokwahlulahlula umbane, ezifana nee-contactors ezizenzekelayo (ATS), ziyafuneka ukuze kusebenze ukuhlawula umbane, njengee-inverters ezixutyiweyo ezisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zeeseli zelanga.
3. Isithuthi sokulayisha- V2L
Itekhnoloji yeVehicle-to-Load (V2L) ilula kakhulu kuba ayifuni tshaja yecala elihamba necala. Izithuthi ezixhotyiswe ngeV2L zine-inverter edibeneyo enika amandla e-AC ukusuka kwindawo enye okanye ezingaphezulu ezisemgangathweni kwisithuthi, enokusetyenziswa ukuxhuma nasiphi na isixhobo sasekhaya esiqhelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye izithuthi zisebenzisa i-adaptha ekhethekileyo ye-V2L exhuma kwi-port yokutshaja yesithuthi sombane ukubonelela ngamandla e-AC. Kwimeko kaxakeka, intambo yokwandisa ingandiswa ukusuka kwisithuthi ukuya ekhayeni ukuze inike amandla imithwalo esisiseko efana nokukhanyisa, iikhompyutha, iifriji, kunye nezixhobo zokupheka.
I-V2L isetyenziselwa amandla angaphandle kwegridi kunye namandla okuxhasa
Izithuthi ezixhotyiswe nge-V2L zingasebenzisa iintambo zokwandisa ukubonelela ngamandla okuxhasa izixhobo zombane ezikhethiweyo. Okanye, iswitshi yokudlulisa i-AC ezinikeleyo ingasetyenziselwa ukuqhagamshela amandla e-V2L ngqo kwiphaneli yokusasaza exhasayo, okanye nakwiphaneli ephambili yokusasaza.
Izithuthi ezixhotyiswe nge-V2L zinokudityaniswa neenkqubo zamandla elanga ezingaphandle kwegridi ukunciphisa okanye ukuphelisa imfuneko yejenereyitha yokuxhasa. Uninzi lweenkqubo zamandla elanga ezingaphandle kwegridi ziquka i-inverter ejikelezayo, enokusebenzisa amandla avela kuyo nayiphi na imithombo ye-AC, kuquka nezithuthi ezixhotyiswe nge-V2L. Nangona kunjalo, ifuna ukufakwa kunye noqwalaselo yingcali yamandla elanga okanye ingcali yombane eqeqeshiweyo ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo.
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Ixesha leposi: Novemba-26-2025
